In 1888 Emile Roux and Alexandre Yersin isolated diphtheria toxin, and following the 1890 discovery of an antitoxin based immunity to diphtheria and tetanus, by Emil Adolf von Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasato, and antitoxin became the first major success of modern therapeutic Immunology. An updated version, Theriacum Andromachi, was used well into the 19th century. For nearly 2000 years, poisons were thought to be the proximal cause of disease, and a complicated mixture of ingredients, called Mithridate, was used to cure poisoning during the Renaissance. Mithridates is also said to have fashioned a 'universal antidote' to protect him from all earthly poisons. The birth of passive immunotherapy may have begun with Mithridates VI of Pontus, who sought to harden himself against poison, and took daily sub-lethal doses of poison to build tolerance. History and applications of artificial passive immunity Passive immunity provides immediate protection, but the body does not develop memory, therefore the patient is at risk of being infected by the same pathogen later. It is also used in the treatment of several types of acute infection, and to treat poisoning Immunity derived from passive immunization lasts for only a short period of time, and there is also a potential risk for hypersensitivity reactions, and serum sickness, especially from gamma globulin of non-human origin. Passive transfer is used prophylactically in the case of immunodeficiency diseases, such as hypogammaglobulinemia. Artificially acquired passive immunityĪrtificially acquired passive immunity is a short-term immunization achieved by the transfer of antibodies, which can be administered in several forms as human or animal blood plasma or serum, as pooled human immunoglobulin for intravenous ( IVIG) or intramuscular (IG) use, as high-titer human IVIG or IG from immunized or from donors recovering from the disease, and as monoclonal antibodies (MAb). Passive immunity is also provided through the transfer of IgA antibodies found in breast milk that are transferred to the gut of the infant, protecting against bacterial infections, until the newborn can synthesize its own antibodies. This effect is usually overcome by secondary responses to booster immunization. Immunization is often required shortly following birth to prevent diseases such as tuberculosis, hepatitis B, polio, and pertussis, however, MatAb can inhibit the induction of protective vaccine responses throughout the first year of life. Immunoglobulin G is the only antibody isotype that can pass through the placenta. This occurs around the third month of gestation. Maternal antibodies (MatAb) are passed through the placenta to the fetus by an FcRn receptor on placental cells. Maternal passive immunity is a type of naturally acquired passive immunity, and refers to antibody-mediated immunity conveyed to a fetus by its mother during pregnancy. 3 Passive transfer of cell-mediated immunity.2.1 History and applications of artificial passive immunity.
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